Overview

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, known as myelin. This damage disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. MS can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms. The disease course varies from person to person. Some individuals experience mild symptoms, while others may develop progressive disability. MS often begins in early adulthood and is more common in women. Symptoms may come and go in episodes or progressively worsen over time. The condition can affect movement, sensation, vision, and coordination. Long-term monitoring is essential to manage disease progression.

What Happens During Allergic Rhinitis?

During MS, the immune system damages the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers. This process is called demyelination. Damaged myelin disrupts electrical signal transmission between the brain and body. Scar tissue (sclerosis) forms in affected areas. As a result, nerve communication slows or stops, leading to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, vision problems, and balance difficulties.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves neurological examination and imaging studies. MRI scans are used to detect lesions in the brain and spinal cord. A lumbar puncture may analyze cerebrospinal fluid for immune markers. Evoked potential tests measure electrical activity in response to stimuli. Diagnosis is based on evidence of lesions occurring in different areas of the central nervous system over time.